Australia

Contents

  1. Introduction to Australia
  2. Wine Australia: The Label Integrity Program and Geographical Indications
  3. Technology in Viticulture and Winemaking
  4. South Australia
  5. New South Wales
  6. Victoria
  7. Western Australia
  8. Tasmania
  9. Queensland

Introduction to Australia

In 1788 Captain Arthur Phillip landed the First Fleet, eleven ships whose passengcers included British soldiers, convicts, and a few free settlers, along the coastline of Botany Bay, just eight miles south of the modern-day Sydney Central Business District. Captain Phillip founded the penal colony of New South Wales and its capital, the city of Sydney—Australia’s first permanent European settlement. Prior to landfall in Australia, the First Fleet stopped for supplies—including vine cuttings—at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, and the British planted vines near Sydney upon landing in 1788. This original vineyard bore fruit three years later but did not last. In its earliest days as a penal colony, Australia suffered from little winemaking expertise, and advances in viticulture were slow. Nonetheless, the vine (a non-native plant) spread from New South Wales to Tasmania in 1823, and from Tasmania to South Australia by 1837 and to Victoria in 1838. In the Swan River Colony of Western Australia, settlers planted the first vineyard in 1830. Free immigrants arrived in Australia throughout the 1830s and 1840s from all corners of Europe, and brought winemaking traditions with them. Some of today’s most famous names arose as small family-owned wineries in this period, including Lindeman’s (1843), Penfolds (1844), Orlando Wines (1847), and Yalumba (1849). In the 1850s, the promise of gold lured even greater droves of European immigrants to southeastern Australia, and interest in winemaking burgeoned.

Boom days for gold equaled boom days for wine, particularly in the gold-rich colony of Victoria, which asserted itself as Australia’s largest producer of wine by the 1870s. However,
Anonymous
  • The section on the Hastings River GI above includes the following text: ‘Semillon in Hastings River can develop some of the same characteristics as its does in the Hunter’. Minor typo: ‘as its does’ should read ‘as it does’.

  • The section on the Orange GI includes the following text: ‘It is also the highest region overall in the entire country: Orange GI begins at the 600-meter line of elevation, and its vineyards rise up the slopes of NSW’s central highlands, past the 1000-meter mark.’ It is worth noting that it is easy to be confused by such statements, as one can find the following quote in the World Atlas of Wine 8th Edition: ‘New England is Australia’s highest wine region at up to 4,330ft (1,320m).’ I don’t know, but I’d wager that these two seemingly contradicting statements are claiming different things: the first claiming a higher minimum elevation and the second claiming a higher maximum elevation. If so, it would probably be best to steer clear of ambiguous wording such as ‘highest region overall’ to avoid confusion. But alas confusion stems from many sources as Wine Australia’s legal definition for the Orange GI would suggest that the GI is ‘defined as that contiguous area that is above 600 metre elevation’, but then lists the altitude for the GI elsewhere as 376-1390m (wherein I’m assuming those areas below 600m affect the climate and growing conditions of the overall GI, though those elevations don’t qualify for the GI itself). But I’m open to correction and further education on all fronts . . .

  • The section on Mudgee GI includes the following text: ‘Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot are the region’s most planted varieties, and red grapes outnumber white grapes by four to one.’ I, for one, would be curious to know the source for that claim. James Halliday’s Wine Atlas of Australia 2014 Edition has Shiraz as the most-planted grape variety based on 2012 data. And it’s odd that Wine Australia’s site does not include Shiraz as one of the ‘Top Varieties Grown in Mudgee’, yet Wine Australia’s 2021 Vintage Report (available here) indicates that Shiraz had more tons produced than any other grape variety in the Mudgee GI. Furthermore, Wine Australia’s VinSites project states that area-by-grape-variety data have not been collected since 2015, which makes me wonder when the data were collected and where they were reported . . .

  • I believe the following sentence needs a correction: At 727 meters above sea level, Mt. Lofty itself is the highest spot in the appellation (Mt. Lofty…isn’t.) and it is South Australia’s wettest point.

  • Thanks, Mark! I've edited above.

  • Note that these boundaries came directly from Wine Australia's incredibly detailed maps and I drew them into Google Earth Pro.

  • FYI, Penfolds Magill Estate is just in Mount Lofty Ranges and not Adelaide Plains. It's not far away from Adelaide Hills which is just over the actual mountain range. This image is part of a massive project I'm working on and shows the area around Adelaide including the location of Penfolds.

  • Thanks, Hamish. I've update the language above.

  • I would suggest Penfolds "Grange" is not Barossa. There is no definitive breakdown listed but hints at Barossa, Clare Valley, McLaren Vale and Magill Estate (Adelaide Plains). I think it is always marketed as South Australia GI.

  • Thanks for the update!